# By Prem Sagar Poudel

Diplomatic tensions among global powers have intensified over the operation of 5G technology in Nepal. Although Nepal Telecom, a government-owned company, has prepared the necessary infrastructure for 5G, American intervention has restricted it to the testing phase. Meanwhile, the United States is actively lobbying for the expansion of Elon Musk's "Starlink" service in Nepal. On the other hand, Chinese technology remains more reliable, affordable, and practical for Nepal. The country must prioritize its national interests when selecting technology, and in this regard, China’s leadership in 5G appears advantageous. 5G Technology: Why Is China More Suitable for Nepal? China is a global leader in 5G technology. Chinese companies like Huawei and ZTE have successfully built 5G infrastructure worldwide. According to Nepal’s "New Technology Testing Procedure, 2021," Nepal Telecom was granted permission to test 5G. However, the United States has actively sought to obstruct its implementation. The U.S. Embassy in Nepal has repeatedly raised objections when Huawei and ZTE were involved in setting up 5G technology. Benefits of Chinese 5G Technology Affordable and Reliable: Compared to American and Western companies, Chinese 5G technology is more cost-effective. Proven Success: Countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and several African nations have already adopted Huawei and ZTE’s 5G technology. Extensive Coverage: China has successfully deployed 5G in both developed and developing nations. Experience in Mountainous Terrain: China has expertise in deploying 5G in regions with terrain similar to Nepal’s, making implementation easier. Data Sovereignty: If Nepal adopts U.S.-based 5G technology, its data will be controlled by American companies. With Chinese technology, Nepal’s cybersecurity would benefit from China’s direct cooperation. U.S. Interference and the Impact of Starlink While blocking Nepal’s 5G implementation, the United States is pushing for Starlink, a satellite-based internet service aimed at providing connectivity to remote areas. However, its entry into Nepal could further strengthen U.S. cyber dominance. Why Could Starlink Be Challenging for Nepal? American Surveillance and Data Control: Since Starlink satellites are under U.S. jurisdiction, Nepal’s digital data would fall within American reach. High Cost: Starlink’s monthly subscription fees would be expensive for Nepalese users. Market Disruption: The introduction of Starlink could severely impact Nepal Telecom and private internet service providers. Economic Strain: Countries without strong trade ties with the U.S. have faced high pricing for Starlink services, potentially weakening Nepal financially. Military Involvement: Starlink has been linked to U.S. military strategy. During the Ukraine-Russia war, Starlink facilitated American military support for Ukrainian forces. In India, some separatist and anti-government groups have reportedly used Starlink, as reported by Indian media. If introduced in Nepal, Starlink could indirectly involve the country in American military objectives. Prime Minister Oli’s Perspective: China first? Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli has prioritized 5G implementation in Nepal. He has emphasized using Chinese technology for the initial phase of 5G expansion and delaying Starlink’s approval until after 5G is operational. This approach could be a strategically balanced diplomatic move. Meanwhile, Nepali Congress leaders, including Gagan Thapa, have been advocating for immediate approval of Starlink, seemingly to align with American interests. However, Oli remains focused on first executing the 5G plan with Chinese support. What Should Nepal’s Policy Be? While formulating its technology policies, Nepal should consider the following: Prioritizing 5G Implementation with China China offers financial aid, affordable technology, and business partnerships to Nepal. Strengthening Nepal’s domestic telecom industry is crucial. Treating Starlink as a Commercial Entity Strict regulations should be imposed if Starlink is allowed. Nepal must avoid falling into American surveillance traps at all costs. Focusing on Cybersecurity Nepal must prioritize national cybersecurity when adopting any new technology. The country should remain free from external pressures that undermine its technological independence. Conclusion Nepal should embrace Chinese 5G technology to prioritize its national technological development. China's affordable, reliable, and easily implementable technology appears beneficial for Nepal. Meanwhile, technologies like Starlink could pose risks to Nepal’s cybersecurity, potentially entangling the country in U.S. military strategies. When adopting new technology, Nepal must safeguard its autonomy, maintain geopolitical balance, and move towards sustainable technological growth.